The following are the definitions of legal practices and regional variations that used to drive the taste of different countries (lawyer self-government authorities) for the Rangers lawyers and law firms in the global pneumonia.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND RIGHT OF THE AUDIENCE

This is the focus of the company means litigation, the initiative second, inquiries, disciplinary proceedings and newborn recommendations Polo and administrative functions of Central and local government, other government and regulatory authorities. It also includes questions relating to accept bidding, government procurement, environmental issues and legislation on employment and discrimination. Sometimes encompasses the right to vote.

 

The law of human rights is increasingly manifested in the practice of the lawyers involved in this topic. In the UK, firms and individuals Delta into two categories to better identify their area of expertise: Commerce and regulated industries, as well as the right and the control of the state sector.

 

There is also a Chapter Tradition of the applicant, which will highlight to rest those that represent people and organizations that are involved in the problem of public law.

 

ADVERTISING AND MARKETING

This section covers work on behalf of advertising and marketing agencies and brand owners, who often carry out their own marketing and advertising company. As it involves Commerce, and so normative work; in particular, the regulatory issues have been subject to some degree of change due to the more Shark-use online advertising and politely content in the company.

 

AGRIBUSINESS / SELLS FARM SELLS AND BUSINESS

This practice area covers a wide range of legal, financial transactions, and support for agricultural projects, representing a wide range of clients. Law firm can provide project development, investors and financial institutions as well as other saints of the parties from the private and public sectors.

 

This practice involves complicated check in the purchase and leasing sells location Oracle queue and acquisitions, environmental law and issues related to Finance and securitization of debtors debt. They can include tools such as sells top notes and credit and Deposit certificates of agribusiness, guarantees, certificates, debtors, debts and credit notes.

 

This practice also covers international trade issues, including preparation of financing, import and export license and compliance with the rules of international trade. Firms may also cover insurance, contracts, taxes, Santo, corporate rules and General advice and issues with the breast clients. More us areas of expertise, such as the law on horseback and Hong Kong the blood, also belong to the purview of this section.

 

ANTITRUST LAW / CONSENT

The field of Competition and Antitrust legislation covers soup of laws prohibiting the ticker behavior (monopoly) and endorses dew practice. This includes practices that are detrimental to buses, consumer or both, or generally to violate standards of conduct mite. This section also discusses antitrust disputes and related mergers and acquisitions work such as the management of selenium.

 

TR

This section provides recommendations for resolution of the pores by one or more neutral parties, either Tr or arbitrary Commission. Many contracts, including those associated with customers many Finance and medicine organizations-require mandatory arbitration in the event of spare.

 

The primer of these institutions are AAA (Americans associate), ICC (international chamber taste), ICSID (international centre for the resolution of Invasion of the pores) and LCIA (London court of international arbitration).

 

THE FINANCING OF ASSETS

Funding associated with the Priority or the construction of the oddly active, or set of assets (typically ships, aircraft or rolling stock).

 

Aviation

Aviation includes both financial, regulatory, and judicial Affairs. Aviation Finance concentrates on the advice of producers, buyers and investors (such as headers and direct investment Fund) for the sale, leasing and priority Portela aircraft.

 

Also includes to convince 2001 UNIDROIT on international interests in mobile equipment or signing convince, which deals with electronic registration of interest aircraft.

 

Table aviation trials encompass the tradition of judicial proceedings for protection against ness cases, including aviation St. advising on coverage and other issues, as well as requirements on product liability and General Commerce disputes relating to the aviation industry. Table regulation of air transport covers the mission of the Department of transportation (dot), Federal aviation administration (faa), set for the carriage of nose (STB) and other Federal administrative bodies. Key issues include the power of authorization systems air traffic control and their financing. Also discusses the problems of congestion, as well as negotiations of "open skies" between the United States and Europe SU.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

Siro definition of banking operations, including recommendations for how the EMS and to the customers ' creditors. Includes the following topics:

 

Acquisition Finance: transactions involving arranging funding priority, acting as the lender and the borrower.

Islam Finance: working with the Diagram, such as acquisitions, forming funds to invest in real estate and commercial real estate, the release sucks.

Loans to banks Total loans Indian, structuring financing, financing using seem tools.

Project financing: financing of infrastructure and industrial projects. Often organized on the principle of no regrets. Cm. Also equipment financing and leasing.

Refinance. Refinancing and restructuring of existing loans and debtor in possession Finance is also included.

BANCO

Focuses on corporate bankruptcy and restructuring process and Rick, I swear with the problems of the enterprises, which can be reorganization or liquid. In addition, especially nine the economic conditions in this Chapter include the rest, which advice about the potential acquisition that arise from the problem of enterprises.

 

The lawyer help the clients such as corporate debtors, investors and buyers of assets, improper and unsecured creditors. and the creditors, date of the obligation, strikes, CEOs problem and any other Saints parties in corporate restructurings, bankruptcy proceedings.

 

In addition to transaction work, BANQUO also covers any related litigation, such as disputes between such parties in connection with the problem of companies and the processes of Chapter 11 and Chapter 7.

 

RANK CAPITAL

The scope of activities of such law firms covers to raise funds for the rank of capital, either as separate positions, or more widely:

 

The ranks of the share capital: advice on KFOR actions, such as Service public offers, follow-up deals, direct offers, capital increases, proposals ADRs / GDRs, the result of knee shops and both transactions.

The ranks Dog's capital: suggestions for eks securities debt (smoothly commitment issues, MTN programs Commerce bum program); associated with the action (regulatory capital, convertibles and people sentences); Sentences with high Doha.

Provides: includes regulatory and transaction legal advice in respect of derivative products such as: beta provide the tools; provide the OTC; provide securitization; the rate of interest Walt, capital, credit and commodities products. Law firms consultation on the development and regulation of products; structure and documents of transactions, related tax issues and litigation.

Securitization: covers all asset classes of a class, including (among others): Commerce loans; to provide; commitment and corporate debt; cash photo project; trade debtors debt; credit card and trade debtors debts; Commerce and residential pot loans; life insurance and the ant; the loans.

Financing structuring: includes DLC (like Ali and synthetic); repackagings; and Hybrid Synthetic and structured products.

Charity

Here, we consider all types of work for clients in the third sector, including as and non-contentious work. This includes work, from industry consultations on the issues of Constitution and governance, as well as public portraiture, to more General advice on corporate, property, TDM, and NV issues.

 

EVALUATION OF FREEDOM

We are talking about violations of the rights in accordance with the Law on the human rights 1998 and the European Convention on human rights, government, media and organizations in how they behave in relation to persons of the hotel. It presents business-related litigation, and cases brought in the European court of human rights.

 

This section also includes a Blitz of the police act, which highlights the firms that are experts on policy issues never conduct sequin rights, investigations, smart Kanye and litigation.

BANKRUPTCY

Focuses on corporate bankruptcy and restructuring and the legal processes related to distressed businesses, which can be reorganized or liquidated. In addition, especially in the current economic environment, this Chapter includes lawyers who advise on opportunities arising from distressed companies.

 

Lawyers assist clients such as corporate debtors, investors and asset purchasers, secured and unsecured creditors and creditor committees, bondholders, insurers, Directors of distressed companies and any other interested parties in corporate restructurings, bankruptcy proceedings.

 

In addition to transactional work, bankruptcy also covers any related litigation, such as disputes between such parties in connection with distressed companies and processes Chapter 11 and Chapter 7.

 

CAPITAL MARKETS

The scope of activities of such law firms covers raising funds in the capital markets, either as separate positions, or more widely:

 

 

 

Equity capital markets: advice on the stock transactions such as initial public offerings, subsequent deals, direct offers, capital increases, proposals ADR / GDR accelerated bookstores and block the transaction.

Capital markets: proposals for debt securities (standalone bond issues, MTN programmes, commercial paper programmes); associated with stock deals (regulatory capital, convertibles and exchangeable offerings) and; Proposals with a high yield.

Derivatives: includes the regulatory and transactional legal advice in respect of derivative products such as Exchange-traded derivatives; OTC derivatives; Securitised derivatives; Interest rate, currency, equity, credit and commodities products. Law firms advise on the development and regulation of products; structuring and documentation of transactions, related tax issues and litigation.

Securitization: covers all asset classes of a class, including (among others): commercial loans; derivatives; bonds and corporate debt; the cash flows of the project; trade receivables; credit card and trade receivables; commercial and residential mortgages; life insurance and annuities; auto loans.

Structured Finance: includes CDO (cash and synthetic); repackagings; and hybrid synthetic and structured note products.

 

 

CHARITY

Here, we consider all types of work conducted for clients of the third sector, including both contentious and non-contentious work. This includes work, from industry consultations on the issues of Constitution and governance, as well as with public needs, to more General advice on corporate, property, employment and tax matters.

 

CIVIL LIBERTIES

We are talking about violations of the rights in accordance with the Law on the human rights 1998 and the European Convention on human rights by the government, the media and organizations in how they behave towards individuals. It presents business-related litigation, and cases brought in the European court of human rights.

 

This section also includes a table of laws on the police, which highlights those firms that spetsializiruyutsya on issues of police misconduct, prisoners ' rights, investigations, the death penalty and trials.

 

CLIMATE CHANGE

Law firms that participate in this new area of practice, advises clients on a range of issues of compliance, regulatory, transactional and contentious issues related to climate change.

 

A particularly significant area relates to issues of emissions trading, which includes assisting companies in complying with the rules of regulation of carbon emissions, such as the European trading system for emissions trading (EU ETS) and CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme.

 

This section also discusses legal issues related to projects in renewable and low-carbon projects, including assistance in the development and financial matters related to these enterprises.

 

In addition, the recognized practices can also recommend traditional customers in the market risks and investment opportunities associated with climate change in corporate transactions, the main issues are energy efficiency, the issues of supply chain, adaptation and mitigation of climate change, due diligence and risk assessment.

 

MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE

Lawyers placed in this section are instructed to handle allegations of negligent acts committed by professionals working in healthcare or pharmaceuticals. These cases usually arise from allegations that defendants did not comply with the accepted industry practices that led to injury or death of the patient or applicant.

 

The section is divided between those who represent the defendants or their employers and those who makes claims on behalf of individuals seeking compensation for their injuries.

 

TRADE

Lawyers in this section have focused their efforts on advising on regulation and trade in goods and any related litigation. Is the opening of the market reflected in our tables, where derivatives are regulated by legal work, issues of trade financing relate primarily to transactional matters, and individuals to join the ranks of those involved in disputes.

 

Practitioners provide advice on a range of both soft and hard commodities from cash crops to coal, oil and gas, metals and carbon credits.

 

Typical clients include trading houses, export credit agencies, financial institutions, freight and insurance.

 

 

 

CONSTRUCTION

The construction contract covers the work of consultants in the construction industry for both the suppliers (eg developers, contractors, engineers and architects), and for those customers who use such types of companies, for example, corporations or public bodies in their construction plans. The construction covers both controversial and non-controversial business (consulting).

 

CONSUMER PROTECTION

Companies ranking in this section, may engage in regulatory, transactional or litigation. Typical work includes advising on the Directive on consumer credit, credit cards, business loans, unsecured and secured personal loans, Finance, points of sale, products, e-money, loans, current and savings accounts and mortgage loans.

 

CORPORATE / M&A

This broad Category covers both public companies and the direct investments (including venture capital).

 

The Chapter includes acquisitions, dispositions and related financing agreement, capitalization, the selection and formation of organizations, operational and partnership agreements, securities and governance issues. Also covers transactions designed to help restructuring within companies and their subsidiaries by change of ownership.

 

Priority is given to primary representatives, those acting for buyers and sellers, whilst those acting for financial advisors, underwriters and banks financing such transactions are also considered.

 

CORPORATE INVESTIGATIONS

This page presents the firms and individuals involved in advising on the management of investigations relating to crimes "white collar" anti-corruption laws and international sanctions. Firms and lawyers may also be engaged to conduct investigations and prepare reports for management.

 

CRIMINAL DEFENSE

Criminal law has a number of different industries, but in the crime section concentrates on what might be considered a serious crime, including illegal drugs, assault, sexual offenses, terrorism and murder. It covers work at all levels, from initial police operations and Advisory questions on the main street to the Supreme Court and the European Court of human rights. We do not include Criminal fraud here, as it has its own section.

 

DATA PROTECTION

Data protection covers all aspects of law related to the control of information, both public and private bodies. Many law firms operating in this arena and advise clients on the formulation of binding corporate rules and other issues related to international data transfer.

 

For example, in the United Kingdom (UK) section also includes work connected with the requests of the law on freedom of information. One important work is the protection of clients facing potential fines for violations of data protection.

 

DEFAMATION / REPUTATION MANAGEMENT

Firms and lawyers listed in this section, consider the claims of libel and defamation on behalf of both plaintiffs and defendants, as well as provide advice on risk management to avoid litigation. Reputation management involves advising individuals and legal entities on the legal aspects of the protection and management of their reputation.

 

DISPUTE RESOLUTION / LITIGATION PRACTICE

Settlement of disputes the settlement of disputes cameras include a full course of a dispute such as pre-trial negotiations, documentation and preparation for trial, motions for issuance of summary decisions, the trial, appeals and enforcement proceedings.

 

EDUCATION

Education individuals: covers lawyers and law firms, acting on behalf of the students and their parents in such matters as special educational needs (SEN), admission and dismissal, claims of discrimination, disability, court cases, disputes with private schools and transportation to school. Are of the firm may engage in any private or public work.

 

Educational institutions (schools): companies working on behalf of schools. This is an extensive Chapter covering the full range of school law, including issues related to court proceedings and child protection, debt collection, administration, reorganization of schools, labor law, exceptions, related policies and procedures and the creation of academies.

 

Educational institutions (Higher and further education), usually involved in constitutional issues and governance issues, employment matters, joint ventures between institutions, IP issues associated with students, and litigation, data protection, governance and charity law.

 

SCHEME OF STAFF EXCHANGES

Focuses on the benefits to employees, including plans stock incentive (SIPs) and incentives for management employees (EMIs) and tax efficient structuring of payment schemes. It also includes advising on disputes arising after implementation of the schemes.

 

EMPLOYMENT

Covers both contentious and not contentious employment issues arising in the everyday business matters, and mergers and acquisitions. Includes employment disputes related to discrimination on grounds of sex, race, age.

 

In the US, it also includes the claims of the class, and the avoidance of certification of a class action.

 

Includes staff reductions and employment issues associated with the merger of the two companies. Lawyers also advise on issues of writing manuals on policies, training and corporate governance for large companies.

 

ENERGY

While chambers is known about the overlap with the financing of projects and projects of the Chapter "energy" is devoted to corporate / commercial, regulatory and capital markets arising in the energy sector. These include the regulatory components of M&A and other transactional work, pure regulatory work associated with the use of licenses and compliance and enforcement with the regulatory authorities. In the US, these include FERC (Federal energy regulatory Commission) and CFTC (Commission on trade in commodity futures). Camera focus on key industrial areas including electricity; oil & gas; renewables and nuclear matters.

 

Electricity: includes advice on the development, financing and permitting for the implementation of energy projects (such as power plants running on electricity, coal, oil and gas, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants), management of facilities; joint ventures and restructuring / deregulation arising out of the wholesale and retail markets.

 

Oil and gas: covers all mining and processing, including exploration, development of infrastructure and pipelines and service contracts, royalties, licensing and operational agreement. It also includes corporate matters such as M & A, capital raisins, taxation and regulatory compliance.

 

Renewable energy: focus on financing, development and management associated with wind and wave power generation, solar energy, biomass and geothermal energy. It also includes advice on compliance with the rules of pure energy.

 

Nuclear weapons: includes licensing and operation, commercial operations, control of reactors, enforcement and compliance, whistleblower laws and policies of non-applicability, as well as the purchase of nuclear waste and fuel.

 

Natural resources: focus on mining and mineral exploration, development and production, including royalty issues, project Finance, taxation, and other financing mechanisms. Also covers contracts for the engineering, processing and refining, sales structure and environmental issues.

 

ENVIRONMENT

In the Chapter "environment" is represented both litigation and Advisory / transactional support for clients. This includes General corporate issues, (eg, due to the examination of the merger), the development of already built-up areas, as well as issues of environmental pollution.

 

"Traditional" environmental work includes regulatory compliance, litigation and enforcement actions concerning air, water, wetlands, waste and endangered species. We also advise corporate and financial clients on the environmental aspects of mergers and acquisitions, Finance, securities offerings and other transactions, which include Due diligence and environmental insurance.

 

Climate change is also a feature of work in the field of environmental law.

 

FAMILY / CONJUGAL FAMILY

This section discusses the issues related to the beginning and the disintegration of personal relationships. This includes the conclusion premarital / civil partnership agreements cohabitation on financial and property assets, the resolution of divorces or divorce-related financial and property issues and issues concerning children in the context of divorce or separation.

 

There are also two separate tables in the UK, London topic: "children: public law matters", which cover procedures for the care of children and the abuse of the requirements of resignation; and "children: cross border disputes", which essentially encompass the international debate about child abduction.

 

THE REGULATION OF FINANCIAL SERVICES

In this Chapter, are treated as not disputed and disputable issues arising in the field of financial services and recommendations on all aspects of the internal organization and governance, transactions and operations. The number of disputed issues include assisting customers of banks / financial institutions in respect of the full range of laws and regulations on financial services in their daily activities (such as the law On combating money laundering, the Act on international banking, the Law on electronic transfer of funds, the act On equal credit opportunity, Act lending, the patriot act, the United States and many other acts that affect the daily activities of financial services).

 

This section also covers the business operations of financial institutions, especially advice on regulatory issues in mergers and acquisitions, joint venture companies providing financial services, and the implementation of holdings in foreign countries. This section also covers the lobbying work done by the firm for the development of new laws and regulations before Congress or other regulatory bodies.

 

In contentious matters, we include advice related to the protection of financial institutions in criminal and civil examinations, inspections, investigations, and formal proceedings with the SEC and other Federal and state financial regulators and self-regulatory organizations.

 

FRANCHISING

This section covers persons acting on behalf of franchisees and Franchisors, and covers both transactional and contentious work. With regard to non-controversial issues, it involves the creation of a franchise system expansion and closure mechanisms. Disputes arising from the sector, like the contested closing of the system, or contractual obligations.

 

FRAUD

This applies to non-violent offences in areas such as money laundering, the increase in participation and a number of issues related to fraud on contracts. The practical activity is also divided into civil and criminal branches, covering the whole range of trials.

 

COMMON LAW OF BUSINESS

General Business law covers several areas of commercial law relevant to high-end business users. Focuses on corporate / commercial law, but is a separate practice areas General Business law may also cover many areas including dispute resolution, Banking and Finance, as well as industry practices.

 

HEALTH AND SAFETY

This section includes both disputed and not disputed issues of health and safety. In the United Kingdom this includes protection of companies and senior executives facing investigations or actions initiated by the Executive branch on matters of health and safety and other regulatory bodies including criminal breaches of the law such as corporate manslaughter. A public inquiry is also included.

 

As to the disagreement, the section covers advice on regulatory compliance, risk management and training. Issues of occupational health and safety, which fall under the scope of this section is very wide: from General health and safety to food safety, fire safety and issues affecting the waste, utilities, nuclear, rail and other industries.

 

HEALTH

The health act covers all operational, litigation and regulatory issues faced by hospitals, public and private providers, medical institutions and medical workers. By its nature this is an extremely wide spectrum, often leading lawyers for consolidation of expertise in specialized areas such as procurement, commissioning, technology, healthcare or Finance work.

IMMIGRATION

Law firms represented in this section provide advice on all aspects of inbound and outbound immigration, such as work permits and visas, workforce mobility and other legislative and regulatory changes. The UK section also features personal immigration, which includes students, refugees / refugee and publicly funded immigration issues.

 

INFRASTRUCTURE

The infrastructure section ranks those firms who advise on such deals as the acquisition, securitization and structured Finance, where the infrastructure is the underlying asset. Infrastructure assets can include (but are not limited to) airports, ports, power lines, and pipelines (resources) repository. Customers purchasing such assets include pension funds, banks, specialist infrastructure funds and funds of public welfare.

 

Infrastructure: PFI / PPP section includes those firms that advise on secondary transactions related to structured assets in PFI / PPP basis. This does not include the funding or development of projects "Greenfield" / "Brownfield" – such work must be presented in the section "projects". There will be no separate section PFI / PPP.

 

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Information technology focused on startups, development and financing of technology companies, advising beginners or newer companies, venture capitalists and other financial investors. Issues include private and public capital, joint venture agreement, list of stock, Corporate governance and M&A.

 

INSOLVENCY / CORPORATE RECOVERY

The primary focus is insolvency and corporate restructuring, and legal processes related to distressed businesses, which can be either reorganized or liquidated. Also, especially in the current economic conditions Chapter includes lawyers who advise on opportunities arising from distressed business.

 

The lawyers in this Chapter help clients such as corporate debtors, investors and purchasers of assets, secured and unsecured creditors and creditor committees, bondholders, insurers; Directors of distressed companies and any other interested parties in corporate restructurings, bankruptcy proceedings.

 

In addition to transactional work, bankruptcy also covers any related litigation, such as disputes between such parties in connection with distressed companies and, in the U.S., Chapter 11 and Chapter 7 processes.

 

INSURANCE

Insurance includes both contentious and not contentious insurance and reinsurance. With the controversial side, we show the coating of claim disputes, negligence of the broker and as "facultative" and "Treaty" reinsurance disputes. There is also the element of professional negligence arising from insurance disputes.

 

As for disagreement, we cover all forms of mergers and acquisitions, capital spout, demutualization and other regulatory issues.

 

THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Intellectual property covers disputes connected with violation of patent, copyright and trademarks. Trial on the issues of commercial confidentiality also features. We also cover related matters, such as licensing and commercialisation of IP (patent prosecution USA).

 

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

This section covers such classic trading cases, such as antidumping, countervailing duties, export controls and other customs / tariff classification and regulatory activities. Lawyers also advise on issues relating to the provisions of NAFTA, WTO and GATT on trade, as well as the US foreign corruption (FCPA), a region which to some extent coincide with the region white crime.

 

Submission of applications to the Committee on foreign investment in the United States (CFIUS) is an area where are concentrated some law firms. The chambers also includes lawyers who are experts in s337 investigations at the ITC.

 

ISLAMIC FINANCE

Sharia-compliant work, including loans, sukuk, collection development, acquisitions and joint ventures.

 

IT AND IT OUTSOURCING

It industry covers wide range of business sectors, whether it be global communications networks of large transnational corporations or domestic storage of small enterprises managed by owners.

 

It departments of the chambers are constantly evolving to track current trends, but major outsourcing agreements constantly are. This Chapter also includes a "convergence"; aggregation of Content (e.g., voice or data), transmission of that Content (e.g., broadcast, satellite or Internet) and receive this Content by a terminal (e.g., TV, PC, or mobile phone).

 

LEISURE AND HOSPITALITY

This is the industry section, covering all areas of legal services performed for clients involved in the leisure industry, ranging from hotels and theme parks to casinos. The main directions of legal advice on real estate, employment and labor protection, corporate / commercial matters and financing.

 

LICENSING

In this section we are talking about alcoholic beverages and gambling licenses. Section of the UK separately determine both liquor and gambling to highlight the experience of individual lawyers.

 

SCIENCE

Life Sciences focus on commercialization of products life Sciences (pharmaceuticals, medical devices and biotechnology programs etc). IP issues dominate as large Pharmaceuticals seek to obtain innovative, impending drugs-blockbusters from biotech and other pharmaceutical companies. Also includes the licensing and acquisition of new products from other sources (often smaller biotechnology for larger vendors).

 

This Chapter includes advice on FDA issues and the increased emphasis on the safety of medicines and devices, which also appear in our coverage of health and life Sciences.

 

LOCAL AUTHORITY

This section is devoted to the entire spectrum of activities of local governments, including planning, environmental protection, education, social care, roads, housing, health, compulsory purchase, public procurement, freedom of information, rating, licensing and elections.

 

MEDIA AND BROADCASTING

The media market has many different aspects. Chambers tries to highlight lawyers who have an understanding of issues related to key sectors, such as advertising, firm and television; music, Publishing and theatre. In these sectors, we focus on those lawyers that concentrate on controversial or not controversial issues.

 

The judicial process includes: copyright and contractual disputes (representing studios, Producers or talented people); the proceedings on the first amendment in the United States; disputes on IP and trademarks; competition law; and issues arising from film financing. With regard to non-contentious issues, that of the chamber include the production; financing and distribution; IP; licensing and planning additional rights.

 

NATURAL RESOURCES

Section of natural resources focused on the agreements on mining and mineral exploration, development and production, including royalty issues, project Finance, taxation, and other financing mechanisms. Also covers contracts for the engineering, processing and refining, sales structure and environmental issues.

 

OUTSOURCING

Outsourcing covers the legal aspects of the transfer of business administration and services to external providers both domestically and internationally. Section includes all variants of this process, including it outsourcing, business process and legal process outsourcing.

 

Sometimes unsuccessful outsourcing contracts can result in disputes and this type of work is also considered in the section.

 

PARLIAMENTARY AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS

This section in the UK consists of three tables: electoral law, parliamentary Agency and public Affairs. It includes advice on the political process, planning, authorisation, procurement, construction and implementation of major infrastructure and other projects. It also covers those involved in campaigns and lobbying and advising on media relations.

 

The election law includes advising on both local and parliamentary elections, rules of conduct for members of Parliament, facilitating consultations and legislative reform of electoral law.

 

The PARTNERSHIP

This section addresses controversial and disputed issues of partnership, primarily in relation to professional clients such as architects, surveyors, accountants, lawyers, doctors and investment funds. This area includes the work on restructuring corporations, in which firms and companies are moving to more complex partnership structures.

 

Firm, specializing in partnership law also counsel clients in establishing offices overseas, mergers and acquisitions, partner and team movement, discrimination and regulatory matters. Work without disputes includes the development of partnership agreements and the creation of innovative partnerships for corporate clients.

 

PERSONAL INJURY

This section covers the entire spectrum of litigation related to injuries received outside the clinical context. This includes lawsuits arising from accidents at workplace, road accidents, abuse claims and industrial disease. Regional offices divided between the main plaintiffs, and mainly of lawyers and firms-defendants.

This Chapter also covers some niche areas of international work, such as injuries and abuse resulting from wars and corporate negligence, although purely road traffic injuries are considered in a separate section entitled "travel: international personal injury" in section "travel" guide.

 

POLICE LAW

Mainly claimant: this covers the entire spectrum of action and judicial review in relation to police decisions, the IPCC and coroners, including unlawful arrests, assault, false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, shootings, death in custody and the investigation.

 

Mainly defendant: this section focuses on lawyers and law firms that protect the police from the above questions.

 

PRIVACY AND DATA SECURITY

Section privacy and security US data covers a wide spectrum of compliance with Federal and state laws United States privacy and information management. At the Federal level, such laws mainly in specific sectors and include the Gramm-leach-Gramm's Financial services modernization act health insurance portability and responsibility act (hipaa), the controlling the assault was not solicited pornography and marketing (can-spam) Act and children's online privacy protection act children online (coppa).

 

At the state level is particularly noticeable area is advising on data security breaches and the implications and requirements of various laws on the prevention of violations of the state data. Such data security breaches may also attract the attention of various state prosecutors and Federal agencies such as the FTC, which may lead to firms who are supposed to represent clients in investigations, enforcement actions or litigation.

 

The work of the international nature may include advising clients with multinational operations on security data related to cross-border data transfer, for example through large-scale outsourcing of operations involving several countries, as well as to global or multialkali programs privacy.

 

PRIVATE CLIENT / ASSET MANAGEMENT

This section ranks firms and lawyers who advise individuals and Trustees on contentious and not contentious aspects of asset management, including wills and probate, tax and trusts. Typical clients are individuals, high net worth and Global work will have a significant international dimension, including offshore trusts and assets in many jurisdictions.

 

THE LIABILITY OF THE MANUFACTURER

This Chapter covers the legal requirements that allow the injured party to obtain financial compensation from the manufacturer or seller of the product. This can include faulty brakes, contaminated food and medicine lacking appropriate label warnings. Law firms advise manufacturers, distributors, suppliers, retailers and others who make the product available to the public. It also covers toxic torts involving exposure to chemicals, pharmaceuticals or occupational risks.

 

Most pharmaceutical claims are mass torts because drugs are consumed by thousands of people. Professional toxic tort cases occur when industrial and other work exposed to toxic chemicals. Most of the laws in this area traditionally occurs because of asbestos exposure.

 

PROFESSIONAL DISCIPLINE

This section covers lawyers who advise on procedures for handling misconduct allegations or investigation with regard to their compliance practice. This may include advice on a specific case or checking whether the installed and proposed new disciplinary codes are quite reliable.

 

Customers often are drawn from professional services sectors such as Finance, law and healthcare, although they may also include police or firefighters, sporting bodies and social workers.

 

PROFESSIONAL NEGLIGENCE

This section covers law firms, solicitors or barristers who spetsializiruyutsya on disputes arising in connection with the loss incurred as a result of negligent advice given by professionals. Covers a broad range of professionals, including architects, surveyors, financial professionals, insurance brokers and attorneys or lawyers.

 

Coverage in the UK is divided into separate tables to highlight specific areas of expertise: financial, insurance, legal and technology and construction.

 

PROJECTS

This section focuses on the development and financing (limited and non-recourse) major projects arising from capital intensive infrastructure and energy markets, as well as litigation. Customers in this sector are sponsors, lenders, project proponents and multilateral agencies and development banks.

 

In the energy sector we provide advice on the development of refineries, pipelines, LNG and petrochemical terminals, power plants and wind energy, technologies of waste-to-energy and hydropower plants. The section also deals with issues of infrastructure, such as the financing of toll roads and bridges; rail and light rail systems; desalination of water, and also state-sponsored programmes (PPP / PFI) such as hospitals, schools, housing and prisons.

 

Cm. also: Banking & Finance; Energy & natural resources; construction

 

Real ESTATE

Corporate matters related to real estate include mergers and acquisitions of large real estate holdings, complex operations with funds and REITs, private capital and public securities. These lawyers real estate differ from purely corporate lawyers is that they usually come from real estate background, have an understanding of the underlying asset and to make aspects of "dirt law" of real estate for their clients.

 

U.S. chamber determine the legal professionals on the zoning and land use. They play an important role in major developments, advising on the regulation of zoning and municipal restrictions used by some cities to control development within their borders. Easement and eminent domain (or condemnation) is also covered.

 

Lawyers on financing of real estate shall not act exclusively for lenders but should have a healthy lender client base which gives them the amount of work in this area. Some of these lawyers will also consider aspects of complex debt capital markets such as securitization, but the decision on their inclusion in the table property will be based on their understanding of the underlying asset.

 

The structuring and transactional advice provided to investment funds of real estate, affect our real estate. The camera produces a rating for energy professionals globally and the United States.

 

INVESTMENT TRUSTS

In this Chapter the structuring and transactional advice related to specialised investment trusts of real estate. Includes: IPOs, going private transactions, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions, Wright-formation and investment, restructuring, Wright, tax matters, litigation, 144As, which involve energy, Finance, special Committee statement and UPREIT and DOWNREIT structure implementation.

 

RETAIL TRADE

Retail is an industry table covering law firms who have developed a track record in servicing the needs of major national retailers. Of course, real estate issues, planning and land use will occupy a prominent place, but the firm must also advise on franchise, IP, trademark and e-Commerce. In addition, ideally, it should demonstrate ability in employment and have the opportunity to respond to the majority of tax, advertising and regulatory Affairs and consumer protection, as well as arguing both the national and international levels.

 

SHIPPING

The court in Maritime and naval Affairs includes the violation of Charter-party disputes, cargo and bills of lading, arrest of ships and cargoes, marine insurance claims, collisions, rescue and environmental obligations. With regard to non-controversial matters, the law firm will advise on issues of conclusion of contracts for the construction, financing and registration of vessels, customs and licensing, as well as documentation relating to Charter-parties and bills of lading.

 

SOCIAL HOUSING

These lawyers act either for suppliers or consumers of social housing. This may include corporate work such as governance and joint ventures - transfer of the housing stock, the issues of antisocial behavior, the financing of construction or reconstruction, property issues, or the protection of tenants of social housing from litigation brought by suppliers.

 

SPORT

The sports industry uses a wide range of legal services, and Chambers tend to emphasize lawyers and law firms, who have an obvious commitment to the sector and understand the unique pressures and constraints which operate under the sports organisations.

 

Definition of sports law is often disputed; the Chamber consider the commercial and regulatory work as its cornerstone, but seeks to highlight those firms which are best able to serve the sports industry as a whole, which requires consideration of work across a broad range of legal disciplines. This section also includes a separate Chapter dedicated to racing and equestrian law.

TAXES

The tax covers a wide range of issues in a controversial and dissenting in part. Not contentious matters include M & A transactions and raising capital within the country and abroad, as well as tax Advisory work on behalf of corporate clients.

 

Funding and investment management are the other key non-controversial tax issues. In contentious side included disputes with the state authorities in the form of litigation, appeals and tribunals. In the UK also covers indirect taxation, including such duties as VAT and stamp duty.

 

TECHNOLOGIES AND COMMUNICATIONS

The technology focuses on contractual agreements in the field of technology, often outsourcing contracts between large corporations and Suppliers of it services. Guide cameras also include in this Chapter such transactional matters as mergers and acquisitions and financing. Law firms often work with investors or budding enterprises across a range of business issues including Employment law, strategic alliances and joint ventures, stock exchange listings, mergers, acquisitions, and corporate governance issues.

 

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Section of telecommunications focuses on a number of legal issues that arise in heavily regulated areas of telecommunications and broadcasting. Work includes transactional and litigation advice to telecommunication companies, wireless operators, TV and / or radio broadcasting companies, as well as regulatory issues faced by such companies. These issues can be supported by the government-inquiries, investigations or procedures of enforcement.

 

Other issues include laws on interconnection and resale, multimedia Agreements and licensing activities.

 

TRANSPORTATION

Transportation is a broad industry category that covers a number of discrete specializations:

 

The aircraft include financial, regulatory, and litigation matters. Finance focus on the advice to manufacturers, purchasers and investors (such as hedge and private equity funds) for the sale, leasing and acquisition of portfolios of aircraft. Also includes the UNIDROIT Convention of 2001 on international interests in mobile equipment or Cape town Convention on electronic registration of interest aircraft.

 

Litigation in aviation cases: table cover traditional court proceedings for protection against accidents, including advising aviation insurers on coverage questions and other issues, and claims of product liability and General commercial disputes affecting the aviation industry.

 

Aviation regulation: table covers representation before the Department of transportation (DOT), Federal aviation administration (FAA), Council on surface transportation (STB) and other Federal administrative bodies. Key issues include the re-authorization systems air traffic control and their financing. Addresses issues of congestion and talks on open skies between the US and the European Union.

 

Railroads include advice to both railroads and shippers. Key questions include the trial of railway tariffs, the supply of fuel / surcharges and proceedings of the Council for land transport. Road / commercial transport covers the carriage of goods / loss of goods, issues, traumas, bills of lading disputes and issues of security of the goods.

 

Road infrastructure, please refer to the projects which involves the financing and development of toll roads, rail projects, ports and airports, which can ultilise model of public-private partnerships.

 

Funding for transportation, litigation (e.g., claims in respect of cargo and contractual disputes) and regulatory issues are considered in separate tables. Funding for the navigation involves advising on the traditional banking market as well as hedge and private equity funds looking for new investment opportunities.

 

TOURISM

Table travel industry includes legal advice on a wide array of market pressures including regulatory compliance on consumer safety, foreign litigation for injuries and environmental problems.